0
Journal of Medical Devices | Volume 10 | Issue 1 | research-article
Review Article

Coating Techniques and Release Kinetics of Drug-Eluting Stents

[+] Author and Article Information
Megan Livingston

Department of Regenerative Medicine
and Orthopedics,
Houston Methodist Research Institute,
Houston, TX 77030

Aaron Tan

Center for Nanotechnology and
Regenerative Medicine,
UCL Division of Surgery
and Interventional Science,
University College London (UCL),
London NW3 2QG, UK;UCL Medical School,
University College London (UCL),
London WC1E 6BT, UK

1Corresponding author.

Manuscript received April 16, 2015; final manuscript received September 14, 2015; published online November 5, 2015. Editor: Rupak K. Banerjee.

J. Med. Devices 10(1), 010801 (Nov 05, 2015) (8 pages) Paper No: MED-15-1164; doi: 10.1115/1.4031718 History: Received April 16, 2015; Revised September 14, 2015
Article
References
Figures
Citing Articles

Implantation of drug-eluting stents (DESs) via percutaneous coronary intervention is the most popular treatment option to restore blood flow to occluded vasculature. The many devices currently used in clinic and under examination in research laboratories are manufactured using a variety of coating techniques to create the incorporated drug release platforms. These coating techniques offer various benefits including ease of use, expense of equipment, and design variability. This review paper discusses recent novel DES designs utilizing individual or a combination of these coating techniques and their resulting drug release profiles.
FIGURES IN THIS ARTICLE
<>
Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Your Session has timed out. Please sign back in to continue.

References

1
NHS, 2014, “ Atherosclerosis,” National Health Service, Redditch, UK, http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atherosclerosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx
2
Rao, S. V. , Califf, R. M. , Kramer, J. M. , Peterson, E. D. , Gross, T. P. , Pepine, C. J. , Williams, D. O. , Donohoe, D. , Waksman, R. , Mehran, R. , and Krucoff, M. W. , 2008, “ Postmarket Evaluation of Breakthrough Technologies,” Am Heart J., 156(2), pp. 201–208. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3
Newsome, L. T. , Kutcher, M. A. , and Royster, R. L. , 2008, “ Coronary Artery Stents: Part I. Evolution of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention,” Anesth. Analg., 107(2), pp. 552–569. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4
Kuntz, R. E. , Piana, R. , Pomerantz, R. M. , Carrozza, J. , Fishman, R. , Mansour, M. , Safian, R. D. , and Baim, D. S. , 1992, “ Changing Incidence and Management of Abrupt Closure Following Coronary Intervention in the New Device Era,” Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn., 27(3), pp. 183–190. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5
Serruys, P. W. , Kutryk, M. J. B. , and Ong, A. T. L. , 2006, “ Coronary-Artery Stents,” N. Engl. J. Med., 354(5), pp. 483–495. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6
Texas Heart Institute, 2015, “ Balloon Angioplasty and Stents,” Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Topics/Proced/angioplasty.cfm
7
Birkenhauer, P. , Yang, Z. , and Gander, B. , 2004, “ Preventing Restenosis in Early Drug-Eluting Stent Era: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives,” J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 56(11), pp. 1339–1356. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8
Wood, S. , 2003, “ Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Gets U.S. Regulatory Approval at Last,” Medscape, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/785641
9
U.S. FDA, 2013, “TAXUS Express2 Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stent System–P030025,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/recently-approveddevices/ucm081189.htm
10
Palmerini, T. , Biondi-Zoccai, G. , Della Riva, D. , Mariani, A. , Sabaté, M. , Smits, P. C. , Kaiser, C. , D'Ascenzo, F. , Frati, G. , Mancone, M. , Genereux, P. , and Stone, G. W. , 2014, “ Clinical Outcomes With Bioabsorbable Polymer–Versus Durable Polymer-Based Drug-Eluting and Bare-Metal Stents: Evidence From a Comprehensive Network Meta-Analysis,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 63(4), pp. 299–307. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11
Joner, M. , Finn, A. V. , Farb, A. , Mont, E. K. , Kolodgie, F. D. , Ladich, E. , Kutys, R. , Skorija, K. , Gold, H. K. , and Virmani, R. , 2006, “ Pathology of Drug-Eluting Stents in Humans: Delayed Healing and Late Thrombotic Risk,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 48(1), pp. 193–202. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12
Camenzindm, E. , Steg, P. G. , and Wijns, W. , 2007, “ Stent Thrombosis Late After Implantation of First-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents: A Cause for Concern,” Circulation, 115(11), pp. 1440–1455. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13
Farb, A. , Burke, A. P. , Kolodgie, F. D. , and Virmani, R. , 2003, “ Pathological Mechanisms of Fatal Late Coronary Stent Thrombosis in Humans,” Circulation, 108(14), pp. 1701–1706. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14
Popma, J. J. , Weiner, B. , Cowley, M. J. , Simonton, C. , McCormick, D. , and Feldman, T. , 2007, “ FDA Advisory Panel on the Safety and Efficacy of Drug-Eluting Stents: Summary of Findings and Recommendations,” J. Intervention Cardiol., 20(6), pp. 425–446. [CrossRef]
15
National Library of Medicine, 2015, “ClinicalTrials.gov,” U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
16
ACC, 2007, “ Definition of Stent Thrombosis: Proposed by Academic Research Consortium, American College of Cardiology Foundation,” American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, http://www.cardiosource.com/pops/imagepop.asp?imgid=17564
17
Palmerini, T. , Biondi-Zoccai, G. , Della Riva, D. , Mariani, A. , Genereux, P. , Branzi, A. , and Stone, G. W. , 2013, “ Stent Thrombosis With Drug-Eluting Stents: Is the Paradigm Shifting?,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 62(21), pp. 1915–1921. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18
Rodriguez, A. E. , Mieres, J. , Fernandez-Pereira, C. , Vigo, C. F. , Rodriguez-Alemparte, M. , Berrocal, D. , Grinfeld, L. , and Palacios, I. , 2006, “ Coronary Stent Thrombosis in the Current Drug-Eluting Stent Era: Insights From the ERACI III Trial,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 47(1), pp. 36–38. [CrossRef]
19
Daemen, J. , Wenaweser, P. , Tsuchida, K. , Abrecht, L. , Vaina, S. , Morger, C. , Kukreja, N. , Jüni, P. , Sianos, G. , Hellige, G. , van Domburg, R. T. , Hess, O. M. , Boersma, E. , Meier, B. , Windecker, S. , and Serruys, P. W. , 2007, “ Early and Late Coronary Stent Thrombosis of Sirolimus-Eluting and Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents in Routine Clinical Practice: Data From a Large Two-Institutional Cohort Study,” Lancet, 369(9562), pp. 667–678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20
Iakovou, I. , Schmidt, T. , Bonizzoni, E. , Ge, L. , Sangiorgi, G. M. , Stankovic, G. , Airoldi, F. , Chieffo, A. , Montorfano, M. , Carlino, M. , Michev, I. , Corvajam, N. , Briguori, C. , Gerckens, U. , Grube, E. , and Colombo, A. , 2005, “ Incidence, Predictors, and Outcome of Thrombosis After Successful Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents,” JAMA, 293(17), pp. 2126–2130. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21
Ong, A. T. L. , Hoye, A. , Aoki, J. , van Mieghem, C. A. G. , Rodriguez Granillo, G. A. , Sonnenschein, K. , Regar, E. , McFadden, E. P. , Sianos, G. , van der Giessen, W. J. , de Jaegere, P. P. T. , de Feyter, P. , van Domburg, R. T. , and Serruys, P. W. , 2005, “ Thirty-Day Incidence and Six-Month Clinical Outcome of Thrombotic Stent Occlusion After Bare-Metal, Sirolimus, or Paclitaxel Stent Implantation,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 45(6), pp. 947–953. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22
Kolandaivelu, K. , Swaminathan, R. , Gibson, W. J. , Kolachalama, V. B. , Nguyen-Ehrenreich, K.-L. , Giddings, V. L. , Coleman, L. , Wong, G. K. , and Edelman, E. R. , 2011, “ Stent Thrombogenicity Early in High-Risk Interventional Settings is Driven by Stent Design and Deployment and Protected by Polymer-Drug Coatings,” Circulation, 123(13), pp. 1400–1409. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23
Alfonso, F. , Suárez, A. , Angiolillo, D. J. , Sabaté, M. , Escaned, J. , Moreno, R. , Hernández, R. , Bañuelos, C. , and Macaya, C. , 2004, “ Findings of Intravascular Ultrasound During Acute Stent Thrombosis,” Heart, 90(12), pp. 1455–1459. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24
Cook, S. , Wenaweser, P. , Togni, M. , Billinger, M. , Morger, C. , Seiler, C. , Vogel, R. , Hess, O. , Meier, B. , and Windecker, S. , 2007, “ Incomplete Stent Apposition and Very Late Stent Thrombosis After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation,” Circulation, 115(18), pp. 2426–2434. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25
Acharya, G. , and Park, K. , 2006, “ Mechanisms of Controlled Drug Release From Drug-Eluting Stents,” Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 58(3), pp. 387–401. [CrossRef]
26
Tanner, F. C. , Yang, Z.-Y. , Duckers, E. , Gordon, D. , Nabel, G. J. , and Nabel, E. G. , 1998, “ Expression of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in Vascular Disease,” Circ. Res., 82(3), pp. 396–403. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27
Babapulle, M. N. , 2002, “ Coated Stents for the Prevention of Restenosis: Part II,” Circulation, 106(22), pp. 2859–2866. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28
Topol, E. J. , and Serruys, P. W. , 1998, “ Frontiers in Interventional Cardiology,” Circulation, 98(17), pp. 1802–1820. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29
McGinty, S. , McKee, S. , Wadsworth, R. M. , and McCormick, C. , 2011, “ Modelling Drug-Eluting Stents,” Math. Med. Biol., 28(1), pp. 1–29. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30
Khan, W. , Farah, S. , and Domb, A. J. , 2012, “ Drug Eluting Stents: Developments and Current Status,” J. Controlled Release, 161(2), pp. 703–712. [CrossRef]
31
Bittl, J. A. , 2014, “ Deconstructing Stent Polymers,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 63(4), pp. 308–309. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32
van der Giessen, W. J. , Lincoff, A. M. , Schwartz, R. S. , van Beusekom, H. M. , Serruys, P. W. , Holmesm, D. R. , Ellis, S. G. , and Topol, E. J. , 1996, “ Marked Inflammatory Sequelae to Implantation of Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Polymers in Porcine Coronary Arteries,” Circulation, 94(7), pp. 1690–1697. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33
Boden, M. , Richard, R. , Schwarz, M. C. , Kangas, S. , Huibregtse, B. , and Barry, J. J. , 2009, “ In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Safety and Stability of the TAXUS Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stent,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 20(7), pp. 1553–1562. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34
Roiron, C. , Sanchez, P. , Bouzamondo, A. , Lechat, P. , and Montalescot, G. , 2006, “ Drug Eluting Stents: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials,” Heart, 92(5), pp. 641–649. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35
Ako, J. , Bonneau, H. N. , Honda, Y. , and Fitzgerald, P. J. , 2007, “ Design Criteria for the Ideal Drug-Eluting Stent,” Am. J. Cardiol., 100(8B), pp. 3M–9M. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36
Grube, E. , and Buellesfeld, L. , 2004, “ Rapamycin Analogs for Stent-Based Local Drug Delivery. Everolimus- and Tacrolimus-Eluting Stents,” Herz, 29(2), pp. 162–166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37
Schmidt, H. , and Menning, M. , 2000, “ Wet Coating Technologies for Glass,” SolGel.com, http://www.solgel.com/articles/nov00/mennig.htm
38
Jang, H.-S. , Nam, H. Y. , Kim, J.-M. , Hahm, D.-H. , Nam, S. H. , Kim, K. L. , Joo, J.-R. , Suh, W. , Park, J.-S. , Kim, D. K. , and Gwon, H.-C. , 2009, “ Effects of Curcumin for Preventing Restenosis in a Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Iliac Artery Stent Model,” Catheter. Cardiovasc. Intervention, 74(6), pp. 881–888. [CrossRef]
39
Acharya, G. , Lee, C. H. , and Lee, Y. , 2012, “ Optimization of Cardiovascular Stent Against Restenosis: Factorial Design-Based Statistical Analysis of Polymer Coating Conditions,” PLoS One, 7(8), p. e43100. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40
Song, S.-J. , Park, Y. J. , Park, J. , Cho, M. D. , Kim, J.-H. , Jeong, M. H. , Kim, Y. S. , and Cho, D. L. , 2010, “ Preparation of a Drug-Eluting Stent Using a TiO2 Film Deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition as a Drug-Combining Matrix,” J. Mater. Chem., 20(23), pp. 4792–4801. [CrossRef]
41
Park, S. , Bhang, S. H. , La, W.-G. , Seo, J. , Kim, B.-S. , and Char, K. , 2012, “ Dual Roles of Hyaluronic Acids in Multilayer Films Capturing Nanocarriers for Drug-Eluting Coatings,” Biomaterials, 33(21), pp. 5468–5477. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42
Bakhshi, R. , Edirisinghe, M. J. , Darbyshire, A. , Ahmad, Z. , and Seifalian, A. M. , 2009, “ Electrohydrodynamic Jetting Behaviour of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanocomposite,” J. Biomater. Appl., 23(4), pp. 293–309. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43
Levy, Y. , Mandler, D. , Weinberger, J. , and Domb, A. J. , 2009, “ Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents' Coating Durability–Clinical and Regulatory Implications,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B: Appl. Biomater., 91(1), pp. 441–451. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44
Okner, R. , Shaulov, Y. , Tal, N. , Favaro, G. , Domb, A. J. , and Mandler, D. , 2009, “ Electropolymerized Tricopolymer Based on N-Pyrrole Derivatives as a Primer Coating for Improving the Performance of a Drug-Eluting Stent,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 1(4), pp. 758–767. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45
Shaulov, Y. , Okner, R. , Levi, Y. , Tal, N. , Gutkin, V. , Mandler, D. , and Domb, A. J. , 2009, “ Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Grafting Onto Stainless Steel Surfaces: Application to Drug-Eluting Stents,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 1(11), pp. 2519–2528. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46
Ammam, M. , 2012, “ Electrophoretic Deposition Under Modulated Electric Fields: A Review,” RSC Adv., 2(20), pp. 7633–7646. [CrossRef]
47
Wang, Y. , Zhang, W. , Zhang, J. , Sun, W. , Zhang, R. , and Gu, H. , 2013, “ Fabrication of a Novel Polymer-Free Nanostructured Drug-Eluting Coating for Cardiovascular Stents,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5(20), pp. 10337–10345. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48
Nukala, R. K. , Boyapally, H. , Slipper, I. J. , Mendham, A. P. , and Douroumis, D. , 2010, “ The Application of Electrostatic Dry Powder Deposition Technology to Coat Drug-Eluting Stents,” Pharm. Res., 27(1), pp. 72–81. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49
Liu, Y. , Wang, W. , Acharya, G. , Shim, Y.-B. , Choe, E. S. , and Lee, C. H. , 2013, “ Advanced Stent Coating for Drug Delivery and In Vivo Biocompatibility,” J. Nanopar. Res., 15(10), pp. 1962–1978. [CrossRef]
50
Hagiwara, K. , Hasebe, T. , and Hotta, A. , 2013, “ Effects of Plasma Treatments on the Controlled Drug Release From Poly(Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate),” Surf. Coat. Technol., 216, pp. 318–323. [CrossRef]
51
Gallo, A. , and Mani, G. , 2013, “ A Stent for Co-Delivering Paclitaxel and Nitric Oxide From Abluminal and Luminal Surfaces: Preparation, Surface Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Release Studies,” Appl. Surf. Sci., 279, pp. 216–232. [CrossRef]
52
Su, L.-C. , Chen, Y.-H. , and Chen, M.-C. , 2013, “ Dual Drug-Eluting Stents Coated With Multilayers of Hydrophobic Heparin and Sirolimus,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5(24), pp. 12944–12953. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53
Huang, Y. , Venkatraman, S. S. , Boey, F. Y. C. , Lahti, E. M. , Umashankar, P. R. , Mohanty, M. , Arumugam, S. , Khanolkar, L. , and Vaishnav, S. , 2010, “ In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of a Dual Drug-Eluting Stent (DDES),” Biomaterials, 31(15), pp. 4382–4391. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54
Thakkar, A. , Raval, A. , Mandal, R. , Parmar, S. , Jariwala, A. , Tailor, J. , and Mehta, A. , 2013, “ Development and Evaluation of Drug Eluting Stent Having Biphasic Release From a Single Layer of Biodegradable Polymer,” ASME J. Med. Devices, 7(1), p. 011005. [CrossRef]
55
Petersen, S. , Hussner, J. , Reske, T. , Grabow, N. , Senz, V. , Begunk, R. , Arbeiter, D. , Kroemer, H. K. , Schmitz, K.-P. , Meyer zu Schwabedissen, H. E. , and Sternberg, K. , 2013, “ In Vitro Study of Dual Drug-Eluting Stents With Locally Focused Sirolimus and Atorvastatin Release,” J. Mater. Sci. -Mater. Med., 24(11), pp. 2589–2600. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56
Raval, A. , Parikh, J. , and Engineer, C. , 2010, “ Dexamethasone Eluting Biodegradable Polymeric Matrix Coated Stent for Intravascular Drug Delivery,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 88(11), pp. 1479–1484. [CrossRef]
57
Raval, A. , Parikh, J. , and Engineer, C. , 2011, “ Mechanism and In Vitro Release Kinetic Study of Sirolimus From a Biodegradable Polymeric Matrix Coated Cardiovascular Stent,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50(16), pp. 9539–9549. [CrossRef]
58
Engineer, C. , Parikh, J. , and Raval, A. , 2011, “ Effect of Copolymer Ratio on Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) From Drug Eluting Coronary Stents,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 89(3), pp. 328–334. [CrossRef]
59
Liu, S.-J. , Hsiao, C.-Y. , Chen, J.-K. , Liu, K.-S. , and Lee, C.-H. , 2011, “ In-Vitro Release of Anti-Proliferative Paclitaxel From Novel Balloon-Expandable Polycaprolactone Stents,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 31(5), pp. 1129–1135. [CrossRef]
60
Shanshan, C. , Lili, T. , Yingxue, T. , Bingchun, Z. , and Ke, Y. , 2013, “ Study of Drug-Eluting Coating on Metal Coronary Stent,” Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 33(3), pp. 1476–1480. [CrossRef]
61
Kim, D. M. , Lee, B. S. , Kang, J. H. , Choi, J. , Park, K. , Son, T.-I. , Jeong, M. H. , and Han, D. K. , 2011, “ Fabrication and Controlled Release of Electrosprayed ReoPro-Loaded Metal Surface for Vascular Stent,” Macromol. Res., 19(5), pp. 501–506. [CrossRef]
62
Krishna, O. D. , Jeon, O. C. , Kim, K. , Byun, Y. , and Moon, H. T. , 2010, “ Drug Release From a Chemically-Anchored PEG/Phospholipid Monolayer Onto Polymer-Coated Metallic Stents,” J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 21(6), pp. 789–802. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63
Bian, H. , Zhou, S. , Liang, X. , Li, Q. , and Han, W. , 2012, “ In Vitro Study of Poly(Ethylene Carbonate) as a Drug-Eluting Stent Coating,” Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., 22(4), pp. 295–302. [CrossRef]
64
Yuk, S. H. , Oh, K. S. , Park, J. , Kim, S.-J. , Kim, J. H. , and Kwon, I. K. , 2012, “ Paclitaxel-Loaded Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide)/Poly(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) Composite for Stent Coating by Ultrasonic Atomizing Spray,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 13(2), p. 025005. [CrossRef]
65
Choi, J. , Cho, S. B. , Lee, B. S. , Joung, Y. K. , Park, K. , and Han, D. K. , 2011, “ Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion of Biodegradable Polymers Coated on Metal Surface by Nanocoupling,” Langmuir, 27(23), pp. 14232–14239. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66
Wang, G. X. , Luo, L. L. , Yin, T. Y. , Li, Y. , Jiang, T. , Ruan, C. G. , Guidoin, R. , Chen, Y. P. , and Guzman, R. , 2010, “ Ultrasonic Atomization and Subsequent Desolvation for Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) to the Glycoprotein (GP) IIIa Receptor Into Drug Eluting Stent,” J. Microencapsul., 27(2), pp. 105–114. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67
Onuma, Y. , and Serruys, P. W. , 2011, “ Bioresorbable Scaffold: The Advent of a New Era in Percutaneous Coronary and Peripheral Revascularization?,” Circulation, 123(7), pp. 779–797. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68
Serruys, P. W. , Onuma, Y. , Dudek, D. , Smits, P. C. , Koolen, J. , Chevalier, B. , de Bruyne, B. , Thuesen, L. , McClean, D. , van Geuns, R.-J. , Windecker, S. , Whitbourn, R. , Meredith, I. , Dorange, C. , Veldhof, S. , Hebert, K. M. , Sudhir, K. , Garcia-Garcia, H. M. , and Ormiston, J. A. , 2011, “ Evaluation of the Second Generation of a Bioresorbable Everolimus-Eluting Vascular Scaffold for the Treatment of de Novo Coronary Artery Stenosis: 12-Month Clinical and Imaging Outcomes,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 58(15), pp. 1578–1588. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69
Kannan, R. Y. , Salacinski, H. J. , Sales, K. , Butler, P. , and Seifalian, A. M. , 2005, “ The Roles of Tissue Engineering and Vascularisation in the Development of Micro-Vascular Networks: A Review,” Biomaterials, 26(14), pp. 1857–1875. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70
Kannan, R. Y. , Salacinski, H. J. , Ghanavi, J. , Narula, A. , Odlyha, M. , Peirovi, H. , Butler, P. E. , and Seifalian, A. M. , 2007, “ Silsesquioxane Nanocomposites as Tissue Implants,” Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 119(6), pp. 1653–1662. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71
Ahmed, M. , Hamilton, G. , and Seifalian, A. M. , 2010, “ Viscoelastic Behaviour of a Small Calibre Vascular Graft Made From a POSS-Nanocomposite,” 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS), Buenos Aires, Aug. 31–Sept. 4, pp. 251–254.
72
Cottone, R. J. , Thatcher, G. L. , Parker, S. P. , Hanks, L. , Kujawa, D. A. , Rowland, S. M. , Costa, M. , Schwartz, R. S. , and Onuma, Y. , 2009, “ OrbusNeich Fully Absorbable Coronary Stent Platform Incorporating Dual Partitioned Coatings,” EuroIntervention, 5(Suppl. 2009), pp. F65–F71. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73
Curcio, A. , Torella, D. , and Indolfi, C. , 2011, “ Mechanisms of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Regeneration After Vascular Injury and Stenting,” Circ. J., 75(6), pp. 1287–1296. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Figures

Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 1

Diagram of stent implantation. The metal stent is fed via a catheter to the occlusion site and locally expanded (Reproduced with permission from Texas Heart Institute [6]. Copyright 2014 by Texas Heart Institute).

+Diagram of stent implantation. The metal stent is fed via a catheter to the occlusion site and locally expanded (Reproduced with permission from Texas Heart Institute [6]. Copyright 2014 by Texas Heart Institute).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Diagram of stent implantation. The metal stent is fed via a catheter to the occlusion site and locally expanded (Reproduced with permission from Texas Heart Institute [6]. Copyright 2014 by Texas Heart Institute).
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 2

Dip-coating schematic. With a controlled speed, stent is submersed in the coating solution then removed and allowed for solvent evaporation, leaving the drug/polymer solution on the stent surface (Reproduced with permission from Schmidt and Menning [37]. Copyright 2000 by Sol Gel Gateway).

+Dip-coating schematic. With a controlled speed, stent is submersed in the coating solution then removed and allowed for solvent evaporation, leaving the drug/polymer solution on the stent surface (Reproduced with permission from Schmidt and Menning [37]. Copyright 2000 by Sol Gel Gateway).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Dip-coating schematic. With a controlled speed, stent is submersed in the coating solution then removed and allowed for solvent evaporation, leaving the drug/polymer solution on the stent surface (Reproduced with permission from Schmidt and Menning [37]. Copyright 2000 by Sol Gel Gateway).
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 3

EPD in solution schematic. Drug and polymer particles are deposited onto the stent surface via an electrostatic attraction within the coating apparatus (Reproduced with permission from Ammam [46]. Copyright 2012 by Royal Society of Chemistry).

+EPD in solution schematic. Drug and polymer particles are deposited onto the stent surface via an electrostatic attraction within the coating apparatus (Reproduced with permission from Ammam [46]. Copyright 2012 by Royal Society of Chemistry).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
EPD in solution schematic. Drug and polymer particles are deposited onto the stent surface via an electrostatic attraction within the coating apparatus (Reproduced with permission from Ammam [46]. Copyright 2012 by Royal Society of Chemistry).
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 4

Electrostatic dry powder deposition schematic. Charged drug and polymer particles are deposited onto the stent surface via the apparatus shown above (Reproduced with permission from Nukala et al. [48]. Copyright 2009 by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.).

+Electrostatic dry powder deposition schematic. Charged drug and polymer particles are deposited onto the stent surface via the apparatus shown above (Reproduced with permission from Nukala et al. [48]. Copyright 2009 by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Electrostatic dry powder deposition schematic. Charged drug and polymer particles are deposited onto the stent surface via the apparatus shown above (Reproduced with permission from Nukala et al. [48]. Copyright 2009 by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.).
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 5

Spray coating system schematic. Drug/polymer and solvent solution(s) is sprayed onto rotating stent to provide consistent coating along the stent's luminal surface (Reproduced with permission from Shanshan et al. [60]. Copyright 2012 by Elsevier B.V. Publishing).

+Spray coating system schematic. Drug/polymer and solvent solution(s) is sprayed onto rotating stent to provide consistent coating along the stent's luminal surface (Reproduced with permission from Shanshan et al. [60]. Copyright 2012 by Elsevier B.V. Publishing).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Spray coating system schematic. Drug/polymer and solvent solution(s) is sprayed onto rotating stent to provide consistent coating along the stent's luminal surface (Reproduced with permission from Shanshan et al. [60]. Copyright 2012 by Elsevier B.V. Publishing).

Tables

Errata

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging and repositioning the boxes below.

Related Journal Articles
Related eBook Content
Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems
Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Drug Delivery Carriers> Chapter 4
mDFA Human Empirical Results
Modified Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (mDFA)
Conclusions
Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Drug Delivery Carriers> Chapter 5
Polymers and Coatings for Tribological Application in Hydrogen Environment
International Hydrogen Conference (IHC 2012)> Chapter 88
Ceramic and Other Hard Coatings
Tribology of Mechanical Systems> Chapter 9
Topic Collections

Sorry! You do not have access to this content. For assistance or to subscribe, please contact us:

  • TELEPHONE: 1-800-843-2763 (Toll-free in the USA)
  • EMAIL: asmedigitalcollection@asme.org
This site uses cookies. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy. | Accept
Sign In